Guide
Build a conceptual framework you can defend.
A clear framework shows your reader what you think is happening and which relationships your study will test. This guide walks you through the steps, with examples.
- List your key concepts: derived from your problem statement and objectives.
- Group them as independent, dependent, mediating or moderating.
- Draw arrows for the relationships you will actually test.
- Cite the source of each concept: your framework should not be invented in isolation.
- Write 1–2 paragraphs describing the diagram and assumptions.
Mini example
ANC attendance (DV) ← distance to facility, perceived quality of care, partner support (IVs); moderated by parity and education.
Frequently asked
Questions researchers ask
- What is a conceptual framework?
- It is a visual and written map of the key concepts in your study and how you think they relate to each other.
- How is it different from a theoretical framework?
- A theoretical framework draws on an established theory. A conceptual framework can adapt theory or combine ideas to fit your specific study.
- Do I need a diagram?
- Yes. A simple diagram with arrows showing direction of influence is far easier to defend than a long paragraph.
- Where does it go in my proposal?
- After the literature review and before the methods section, so the reader understands what variables your methods will measure.
- How detailed should it be?
- Show the independent variables, dependent variables and any moderating or mediating concepts you intend to analyse.
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